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Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More. For qualitative researchers, maintaining respondent confidentiality while presenting rich, detailed accounts of social life presents unique challenges. These challenges are not adequately addressed in the literature on research ethics and research methods. Deductive disclosure, also known as internal confidentiality Tolich,occurs when the traits of individuals or groups make them identifiable in research reports Sieber, For example, if a researcher studying teachers named the school district where the research occurred, someone with knowledge of the school district could likely identify individual teachers based on traits such as age, gender, and number of years with the school district Sieber, Given that qualitative studies often contain rich descriptions of study participants, confidentiality breaches via deductive disclosure are of particular concern to qualitative researchers.
As such, qualitative researchers face a conflict between conveying detailed, accurate accounts of the social world and protecting the identities of the individuals who participated in their research.
The research participants identified themselves and their neighbors in the book even though their real names had not been used. Relationships in the community were strained because of what Ellis had written and the members of the community felt betrayed and humiliated by Ellis Ellis, The theoretical foundations of current confidentiality practices have been discussed elsewhere Baez, However, the literature on research design, research ethics, and the American Sociological Association ASA Code of Ethics say little about how to handle the risk of deductive disclosure when presenting detailed qualitative data Tolich, I address this gap in the literature by taking a practical approach to dealing with confidentiality concerns.
I begin with an example from my own research on breast cancer survivors to illustrate the confidentiality dilemmas faced by qualitative researchers. I then discuss the standard approaches to dealing with respondent confidentiality and an alternative approach.
My concern with respondent confidentiality began during my dissertation research Kaiser, My dissertation examines how women who have undergone treatment for breast cancer perceive the identity of cancer survivor and how cultural notions of survivorship affect their adjustment to breast cancer Kaiser, ; Data for my dissertation came from in-depth interviews I conducted with women who had recently completed treatment for breast cancer.
I also visited the Edgewater Cancer Center, a patient support center in a small city where local physicians refer patients for free emotional support and access to a library of cancer information.
She put me in touch with the center director and within days we met to by dissertation doing qualitative understanding writing my study. I was overjoyed when the center director agreed to help me recruit women from their database of patients. The Edgewater Center staff connected me with several breast cancer survivors who volunteered to participate in pilot interviews. I conducted four pilot interviews with breast cancer survivors.
When I was ready to begin recruitment for the study in the fall of the center staff identified eligible study participants from their database of cancer patients and sent these women a recruitment letter on my behalf.
The letter explained the purpose of the study and emphasized the voluntary and confidential nature of the study.
Interested women were directed to call or email me for more information and to schedule an interview. In total, I interviewed 40 women for the project, 17 of whom were recruited directly through the Edgewater Center, by dissertation doing qualitative understanding writing. The remaining women were referred to me by these women and by friends and colleagues. Rachel, the sixteenth woman I interviewed, was among those recruited from the Edgewater Center.
I drove to her modest home on a beautiful summer day. She greeted me tentatively at the door. During the interview I was struck by her deep sincerity and the self-conscious nature of her revelations, by dissertation doing qualitative understanding writing. She decided to be open about her sexuality with her physicians because she wanted her partner with her at medical appointments.
I sensed that Rachel still kept her sexuality a secret in many aspects of her life. Guillemin and Gillam define ethically important moments as by dissertation doing qualitative understanding writing occurrences, which are often seemingly routine, that cause researchers to make decisions that have ethical implications see also Goodwin et al. My dissertation did not address the experiences of sexual minority women. In fact, early in the development of the project, the Edgewater Center director asked me if I would be willing to present my findings to the doctors and nurses who worked with the breast cancer patients.
I had readily agreed. However, I had promised Rachel confidentiality. Sieberp. The consent form stated that reports resulting from the study would not contain any information that could be used to identify them. The hospital affiliated with the Edgewater Center diagnoses approximately breast cancer patients a year.
Given this small patient pool, Rachel might be the only openly lesbian breast cancer patient seen at the hospital during that time. If I spoke with physicians and nurses in the hospital about the experiences of a lesbian patient, they would likely associate these findings with Rachel via deductive disclosure, even if I changed her name. On the one hand, I could assume that no harm would be done by sharing her comments even if others could identify her via deductive disclosure.
I could have asked Rachel if I could share her experiences with the physicians and others, but I was not prepared to dialogue with my respondents about sharing their insights with other specific parties. Moreover, as I argue below, the standard approach to handling confidentiality makes such conversations unlikely. Like Goodwin and her colleaguesI found the process of trying to decide what was right and delving into different possible scenarios unsettling.
Below, I discuss two approaches to handling rich qualitative data. After interviewing Rachel I began to think about by dissertation doing qualitative understanding writing limitations of the dominant approach. As a result, I constructed an alternative approach to handling qualitative data, which I summarize below. Under the dominant approach, if data cannot be collected anonymously, i.
Respondents with stigmatizing traits or behaviors, such as drug users, would be harmed if their identities were revealed in conjunction with reports of their undesirable behavior. Vulnerable populations such as minors or subordinates in the workplace might face negative consequences if their identities are revealed Baez, The convention of confidentiality is upheld as a means to protect the privacy of all persons, to build trust and rapport with study participants, and to maintain ethical standards and the integrity of the research process Baez, by dissertation doing qualitative understanding writing, Under the dominant approach, confidentiality is addressed during research planning by dissertation doing qualitative understanding writing. Thus, I focus primarily on addressing confidentiality during data collection, data cleaning, and dissemination, although I return to the issue of review boards below.
First, by dissertation doing qualitative understanding writing, issues of confidentiality are addressed at the time of data collection. Discussing confidentiality at the outset is necessary for acquiring informed consent and building trust with respondents Crow et al. However, these discussions occur without knowledge of the specific information subsequently shared by the respondent. Furthermore, discussions about informed consent and confidentiality are rarely ongoing; once the consent form is signed researchers lack a by dissertation doing qualitative understanding writing way of returning to the issue of confidentiality and data use with respondents.
Second, confidentiality is addressed during data cleaning. A clean data set does not contain information that identifies respondents, such as a name or address such identifying information might be stored elsewhere, in separate, protected files.
Some identifiers are easily recognized and dealt with. For example, the names of respondents can be replaced with pseudonyms.
Addresses can be deleted from the file once they are no longer needed. However, for both quantitative and qualitative data sets, unique combinations of traits can be used to identify by dissertation doing qualitative understanding writing. For example, in quantitative studies of cancer, individuals with rare forms of cancer, such as brain tumors, can be identified with a few pieces of information such as census track, cancer type and gender Howe et al. In quantitative studies, computer programs such a Record Uniqueness Howe et al.
For qualitative data sets, such as interview transcripts, researchers often rely on the find and replace tool in word processing programs to change specific names of people and places. However, qualitative data sets will likely contain references to specific places and persons that are difficult to capture because they vary across respondents and occur randomly throughout transcripts or notes.
Work by Sweeney illustrates this challenge. References to specific people e. Sweeney created the Scrub program, which uses a complex set of algorithms to find and replace personal identifiers to cleanse medical records of personal information. This is particularly true for respondents who have faced unusual life events or who are unique in some way, as the case of Rachel illustrates. As such, researchers must also consider whether the specific quotations and examples they present when disseminating research results could lead their respondents to be identified via deductive disclosure.
If so, details in the data will need to be modified. As Tolich notes, the primary concern is whether the people with whom respondents have relationships will be able to identify the respondent given their knowledge of him or her.
Researchers vary in how much they are willing to change. However, unlike changing a specific name, changing additional details to render data unidentifiable can alter or destroy the original meaning of the data.
For example, in a study of work-family policies, removing or altering details of employer size, industry, policies, and family structure might protect individual and employer identities, but these change make the data useless for addressing the research questions at hand McKee et al. Readers are typically unaware of how data has been altered and therefore unable to consider the significance of changes for their interpretations of the data or for the validity of the data Wiles et al.
By dissertation doing qualitative understanding writing, although little is known about how study participants respond to having their data altered, Corden and Sainsbury report that respondents have strong feelings about how their words or their personal characteristics are altered in research reports.
As an alternative to altering key details in data, researchers leave data unpublished because of fears that publication will lead to deductive disclosure Wiles et al. It is also the option chosen by Goodwin and colleagues and by Baezwho decided he could not report the specific examples of discrimination shared by minority faculty members for fear that they would be recognized by their peers and face negative consequences. Losing the insights of a small number of respondents or even of one respondent may be particularly consequential for researchers seeking to impact clinical practice as the experiences of one or two patients can hold key insights for improving clinic care Karnieli-Miller et al.
For example, the United States Code of Federal Regulations Department of Health and Human Services, section on the protection of human subjects simply states that researchers and review boards must ensure adequate provisions to protect respondent privacy and maintain confidentiality. Per the ASA Code of Ethicsconfidentiality should be addressed with research participants at the beginning of the research relationship. In cases where identifying information cannot be removed from the data, sociologists must obtain consent to release such data.
However, researchers lack a standardized process for obtaining additional consent; therefore, it is unlikely to be obtained. Thus, it is not surprising that researchers perceive maintaining confidentiality as challenging and as an area of great uncertainty Wiles et al. The dominant approach has several weaknesses. But this approach does little to ensure that persons with whom respondents have relationships such as spouses, co-workers, or neighbors will be unable to identify respondents.
Second, under the dominant approach, researchers carry the burden of deciding which data could identify a respondent and deciding how to alter the data. Third, the dominant approach lacks standardized practices for dialoguing with respondents about confidentiality after the data has been collected. Thus, the approach dissuades researchers from having by dissertation doing qualitative understanding writing discussions with respondents about the use of their data and assumes all respondents want complete confidentiality.
Fourth, by dissertation doing qualitative understanding writing, although assurances of confidentiality function to build trust with respondents, the promise of confidentiality might prevent the researcher from using the rich data received when respondents open up to the researcher. Finally, the dominant approach to confidentiality assumes that details in our data can be changed to protect our respondents without compromising the meaning of the data, by dissertation doing qualitative understanding writing.
Next, I describe an alternative to the dominant approach.
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Nov 20, · There are different forms of qualitative research like action research, discourse study, case analysis etc. that has been adopted in the qualitative research models of business qualitative research. Qualitative research has been adopted in various fields of studies – history, geography, anthropology, medicine, nursing, law, and business studies By Dissertation Doing Qualitative Understanding Writing, College Book Report Cover Page, Research Paper Outline Pdf Adobe, Best Writing In Hindi Disclaimer: is the online writing service that offers custom written papers, including research papers, thesis papers, essays and others. Online writing service includes the research material as By Dissertation Doing Qualitative Understanding Writing well, but
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