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Kinship terminology is the system used in languages to refer to the persons to whom an individual is related through kinship. Different societies classify kinship relations differently and therefore use different systems of kinship terminology; for example, some languages distinguish between consanguine and affinal uncles i. the brothers of one's parents and the husbands of the sisters of one's parents, respectivelywhereas others have only one word to refer to both a father and his brothers.
Kinship terminologies include the terms of address used in different languages or communities for different relatives and the terms of reference used to identify the relationship of these relatives to ego [1] or to each other. Anthropologist Lewis Henry Morgan — dissertation about kinship care the first survey of kinship terminologies in use around the world.
Though much of his work is now considered dated, he argued that kinship terminologies reflect different sets of distinctions. For example, most kinship terminologies distinguish between sexes the difference between a brother and a sister and between generations the difference between a child and a parent. Moreover, he argued, kinship terminologies distinguish between relatives by blood and marriage although recently some anthropologists have argued that many societies define kinship in terms other than blood.
However, Morgan also observed that different languages and, by extension, dissertation about kinship care, societies organize these distinctions differently. He proposed to describe kinship terms and terminologies as either descriptive or classificatory. When a descriptive term is used, it can only represent one type of relationship between two people, while a classificatory term represents one of many different types of relationships.
For example, the word brother in English-speaking societies indicates a son of the same parent; thus, English-speaking societies use the word brother as a descriptive term. A person's male first cousin could be the mother's brother's son, mother's sister's son, father's brother's son, father's sister's son, and so on; English-speaking societies therefore use the word cousin as a classificatory term. Morgan discovered that a descriptive term in one society can become a classificatory term in another society.
For example, dissertation about kinship care, in some societies, one would refer to many different people as "mother" the woman who gave birth to oneself, dissertation about kinship care, as well as her sister and husband's sister, and also one's father's sister.
Moreover, some societies do not group together relatives which the English-speaking societies classify together. For example, some languages have no one-word equivalent to cousinbecause different terms refer to one's mother's sister's children and to one's father's sister's children. A unique set of kin-terms common in some Australian Aboriginal languages are tri-relational—also called triangular, ternary, triadic and shared kin-terms—which encapsulate a set of relations between three distinct entities.
Broadly, there are dissertation about kinship care kinds of tri-relational kin-terms. The more common is a Dual Propositus Tri-relational Kin-term which has one referent whose relationship is defined with respect to two anchor points propositi and from which dissertation about kinship care relation between the two propositi can be inferred.
The less common are Tri-relational Dyadic Terms which reference a pair of related entities which i. Terms of this dissertation about kinship care can be found in Murrinh-patha and Bininj Gun-Wok. The speaker and the addressee form two distinct propositi P who have unique relations to the referent R.
An dissertation about kinship care in Murrinh-patha is the term yilamarna. This term refers to the speaker's brother, who is also the uncle of the addressee; it is therefore also encoded in this term that the addressee dissertation about kinship care the child of the speaker. The term could be elaborated thus:. In Bininj Gun-Wok, the kin-term nakurrng can be either a regular i. bi-relational or tri-relational kin-term depending on the context. In the case in the illustration, the difference marked by the position of the possessive pronoun ke which either marks the addressee as the sole propositus or allows for a tri-relational interpretation:.
In this kind of tri-relation, two referents R 1R 2 form a dyad via some relation commonly marriageand this dyad is in turn related to the speaker the propositus in some way. An example of a tri-relational dyadic term can be found in Gooniyandi. The denotation of marralangi is thus:. For example, dissertation about kinship care, see below the complete inventory of group kin-terms in Bardi [4] note that some but not all of these are assessed with respect to the speaker as well and may thus be considered tri-relational dyadic terms:.
The size of this dyadic kin-term inventory is not atypical of Australian languages. Though smaller, the Dyirbal dyadic kin-term inventory is also extensive e and y stand for elder and younger : [5]. In Murrinh-pathanonsingular pronouns are differentiated not only by the gender makeup of the group, but also by the members' interrelation.
Some languages, such as KannadaTeluguTamilTurkishSinhaleseChinese see Chinese kinshipJapaneseKoreanKhmerMalayalamVietnameseTagalog FilipinoHungarianBulgarianNepaleseand Nahuatl add another dimension to some relations: relative age.
Rather than one term for "brother", there exist, for dissertation about kinship care, different words for "older brother" and "younger brother". In Tamil, an older male sibling is referred to as aṇṇā and a younger male sibling as thambiwhereas older and younger female siblings are called akkā and thangai respectively.
Languages which distinguish relative age may not have non-age relative kinship terms at all. In Vietnamese, all younger siblings are referred to with the ungendered term emwhereas older siblings are dissertation about kinship care by sex: anh for males and chị for females. Other languages, such as Chiricahuause the same terms of address for alternating generations. Similar features are seen also in Huichol[7] [8] some descendant languages of Proto-Austronesian e.
Fordata[9] Kei[10] and Yamdena [11][12] Bislama[13] and Usarufa. are common in Australian Aboriginal kinship. The relative age and alternating-generations systems are combined in some languages. For instance, Tagalog borrows the relative age system of the Chinese kinship and follows dissertation about kinship care generation system of kinship. Philippine kinship distinguishes between generation, age and in some cases, gender.
Both systems distinguish relatives by marriage from relatives by descent, although both are classificatory categories rather than being based on biological descent. If each female link M,D is assigned a 0 and each male F,B a 1, the number of 1s is either even or odd; in this case, even. However, variant criteria exist.
There exists also a version of this logic with a matrilineal bias. Discoveries of systems that use modulo-2 logic, as in South Asia, Australia, and many other parts of the world, marked a major advance in the understanding of kinship terminologies that differ from kin relations and terminologies employed by Europeans. The Dravidian kinship system involves selective cousinhood.
One's father's brother's children and one's mother's sister's children are not cousins but brothers and sisters one step removed.
They are considered consanguineous pangali in Tamildissertation about kinship care, and marriage with them is strictly forbidden as incestuous. However, one's father's sister's children and one's mother's brother's children are considered cousins and potential mates muraicherugu in Tamil.
Marriages between such cousins are allowed and encouraged. There is a clear distinction between cross cousinswho are one's true cousins and parallel cousinswho are, in fact, siblings.
Like Iroquois people, Dravidians use the same words to refer to their father's sister and mother-in-law atthai in Tamil and atthe in Kannada and their mother's brother and father-in-law maamaa in Tamil and maava in Kannada, dissertation about kinship care. In Kannada, distinction between these relationships may be made because sodara is added before atthe and maava to specifically refer to one's father's sister and mother's brother respectively, although this term is not used in direct address.
In Tamil, however, dissertation about kinship care, only one's mother's brother is captioned with thaai before dissertation about kinship care because of the honor accorded this relationship.
The genealogical terminology used in many genealogical charts describes relatives of the subject in question. Using the abbreviations below, dissertation about kinship care, genealogical relationships may be distinguished by single or compound relationships, such as BC for a brother's children, MBD for a mother's brother's daughter, and so forth.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article includes a list of general referencesbut it remains largely unverified because it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations.
Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. January Learn how and when to remove this template message. Basic concepts. Kinship terminology Classificatory terminologies By group Iroquois Crow Omaha Eskimo Inuit Hawaiian Sudanese Dravidian debated, dissertation about kinship care.
Case studies. Chambri Mosuo. Major theorists. Diane Bell Tom Boellstorff Jack Goody Gilbert Herdt Don Kulick Roger Lancaster Louise Lamphere Eleanor Leacock Claude Lévi-Strauss Bronisław Malinowski Margaret Mead Henrietta Moore Lewis H. Morgan Stephen O. Murray Michelle Rosaldo David M. Schneider Marilyn Strathern. Related articles. Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship. Outline History. Archaeological Biological Cultural Linguistic Social.
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Anthropologists by nationality Anthropology by year Bibliography Journals List of indigenous peoples Organizations. In a kinship diagram, the ego is the family member in the center that the others are 'mother', 'father', 'sister', 'brother', 'son', 'daughter' etc. Anthropological Linguistics. ISSN JSTOR McConvell, Patrick, Kelly, Piers, Lacrampe, Sébastien, Australian National University Press. Acton, dissertation about kinship care, A.
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Kinship care refers to the care of children by relatives in some instances close family friends. Relatives are a preferred means for children and young people who must be detached from their birth parents because it maintains the children’s connections with their families Firstly i would like to thank the Elements Of Theoretical Mechanics For Electronic Engineers (International Series Of Monographs In Electronics And Instrumentation)|Franz Bultot whole team of myassignmenthelp who take care of all my assignments and delivered timely Mar 22, · Gender differences in caregiver-burden. Caregiver-burden has been defined as ‘‘a multidimensional response to physical, psychological, emotional, social, and financial stressors associated with the caregiving experience’’[5,64,65].Caregiver-burden is often the final outcome of a stressful and negatively perceived experience of providing care[]
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