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Gettysburg address essay prompts
The Gettysburg Address is a speech that U, gettysburg essay. President Abraham Gettysburg essay delivered during the American Civil War at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvaniaon the afternoon of November 19,four and a half months after the Union armies defeated those gettysburg essay the Confederacy at the Battle of Gettysburg.
It gettysburg essay one of the best-known speeches in American history. Lincoln's carefully crafted address, gettysburg essay, not even that day's primary speech, came to be seen as one of the greatest and most influential statements of American national purpose. He extolled the sacrifices of gettysburg essay who died at Gettysburg in defense of those principles, and exhorted his listeners to resolve.
Despite the prominent place of the speech in the history and popular culture of the United States, its exact wording is disputed.
The five known manuscripts of the Gettysburg Address in Lincoln's hand differ in a number of details, and also differ from contemporary newspaper reprints of the speech.
Neither is it clear where stood the platform from which Lincoln delivered the address. Modern scholarship locates the speakers' platform 40 yards or more away from the traditional site in Soldiers' National Cemetery at the Soldiers' National Monumentsuch that it stood entirely within the private, adjacent Evergreen Cemetery. Following the Battle of Gettysburg on July 1—3,the removal of the fallen Union soldiers from the Gettysburg Battlefield graves and their reburial in graves at the National Cemetery at Gettysburg began on October 17, though on the day of the ceremony, gettysburg essay, reinterment was less than half complete.
In inviting President Lincoln to the ceremonies, David Willsof the committee for the November 19 Consecration of the National Cemetery at Gettysburgwrote, "It is the desire that, after the Oration, you, as Chief Executive of the nation, formally set apart these grounds to their sacred use by a few appropriate remarks.
On the train trip from Washington, gettysburg essay, D. During the trip Lincoln remarked to Hay that he felt weak; on the morning of November 19, Lincoln mentioned to Nicolay that he was dizzy. Hay noted that during the speech Lincoln's face had "a ghastly color" and that he was "sad, mournful, almost haggard.
A protracted illness followed, gettysburg essay, which included a vesicular rash; it was diagnosed as a mild case of smallpox. It thus seems highly likely that Lincoln was in the prodromal period of smallpox when he delivered the Gettysburg address. After arriving in Gettysburg, which gettysburg essay become filled with large crowds, Lincoln spent the night in Wills's house. A large crowd appeared at the house, singing and wanting Lincoln to make a speech. Lincoln met the crowd, but did not have a speech prepared, and returned inside after saying a few extemporaneous words.
The crowd then continued to another house, where Secretary of State William Seward delivered a speech. Later that night, Lincoln wrote and briefly met with Seward before going to gettysburg essay at about midnight. Music, by Birgfeld's Band [15] "Homage d'uns Heros" by Adolph Birgfeld.
Prayer, by Reverend T. StocktonD. Music, by the Marine Band "Old Hundred"directed by Francis Scala. Oration, gettysburg essay, by Hon. Edward Everett "The Battles of Gettysburg". Music, gettysburg essay, Hymn "Consecration Chant" by B. French, gettysburg essay, Esq. Dirge "Oh! It is Great for Our Country to Die", words by James G. Percival, gettysburg essay, music by Alfred Delaneysung by Choir selected for the occasion.
Benediction, by Reverend H. Baugher, D, gettysburg essay. While it is Lincoln's short speech that has gone down in history as one of the finest examples of English public oratory, it was Everett's two-hour oration that was gettysburg essay to be the "Gettysburg address" that day. His now seldom-read oration was 13, words long [16] and lasted two hours.
Lengthy dedication addresses like Everett's were common at cemeteries in this era. The tradition began in when Justice Joseph Story delivered the dedication address at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Those addresses often linked cemeteries to the mission of Union. Shortly after Everett's well-received remarks, Lincoln spoke for only a gettysburg essay minutes. Despite the historical significance of Lincoln's speech, modern scholars disagree as to its exact wording, and contemporary transcriptions published in newspaper accounts of the event and even handwritten copies by Lincoln himself differ in their wording, punctuation, and structure.
It is the only version to which Lincoln affixed his signature, and the last he is known to have written. Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth upon this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a gettysburg essay civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live.
It is altogether fitting gettysburg essay proper that we should do this, gettysburg essay. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate—we can not consecrate—we can not hallow—this ground. Gettysburg essay brave men, gettysburg essay, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor gettysburg essay to add or detract, gettysburg essay. The world gettysburg essay little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here.
It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored gettysburg essay we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, gettysburg essay, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
In Lincoln at GettysburgGarry Wills notes the parallels between Lincoln's speech and Pericles's Funeral Oration during the Peloponnesian War as described by Thucydides, gettysburg essay. James McPherson notes this connection in his review gettysburg essay Wills's book, gettysburg essay.
In contrast, writer Adam Gopnikin The New Yorkernotes that while Everett's Oration was explicitly neoclassicalgettysburg essay, referring directly to Marathon and Periclesgettysburg essay, "Lincoln's rhetoric is, instead, deliberately Biblical. It is difficult to find a single obviously classical reference in any of his speeches.
Lincoln had mastered the sound gettysburg essay the King James Bible so completely that he could recast abstract issues of constitutional law in Biblical terms, making the proposition that Texas and New Hampshire should be forever bound by a single post office sound like something right out of Genesis. Several theories have been advanced by Lincoln scholars to explain the provenance of Lincoln's gettysburg essay phrase "government of the people, by the people, for the people".
Despite many claims, there is no evidence that a similar phrase appears in the Prologue to John Wycliffe 's English translation of the Bible. Gettysburg essay a discussion "A more probable origin of a famous Lincoln phrase", [27] in The American Monthly Review of ReviewsAlbert Shaw credits a correspondent with pointing out the writings of William Herndongettysburg essay, Lincoln's law partner, who wrote in the work Abraham Lincoln: The True Story of A Great Life that he had brought to Lincoln some of the sermons of abolitionist minister Theodore Parkerof Massachusettsand that Lincoln was moved by Parker's use of this idea:.
I brought with me additional sermons and lectures of Theodore Parker, who was warm in his commendation of Lincoln. One of these was a lecture on 'The Effect of Slavery on the American People' which I gave to Lincoln, who read and returned it. He liked especially the following expression, which he marked with a pencil, and which he in substance afterwards used in his Gettysburg Address: 'Democracy is direct self-government, over all the people, for all the people, by all the people.
Craig R. Smith, in "Criticism of Political Rhetoric and Disciplinary Integrity", suggested Lincoln's view of the government as expressed in the Gettysburg Address was influenced by the noted speech of Massachusetts Senator Daniel Webstergettysburg essay, the "Second Reply to Hayne"in which Webster famously thundered "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable! It is not the creature of State legislatures; nay, more, if the whole truth must be told, the people brought it into existence, established it, and have hitherto supported it, for the very purpose, amongst others, of imposing certain salutary restraints on State sovereignties.
Wills observed Lincoln's usage of the imagery of birth, life, and death in reference to a nation "brought forth", "conceived", and that shall not "perish". Guelzothe director of Civil War Era studies at Gettysburg College in Pennsylvania, [32] suggested that Lincoln's formulation "four score and seven" was an allusion to the King James Version of the Bible's Psalmsin which man's lifespan is given as "threescore years and ten; and if by reason of strength they be fourscore years".
Glenn LaFantasie, gettysburg essay, writing for the Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Associationalso connected "four score and seven years" with Psalmsgettysburg essay, and referred to Lincoln's usage of the phrase "our fathers" as "mindful of the Lord's Prayer". Philip B. Kunhardt Jr. suggests that Lincoln was inspired by the Book of Common Prayer, gettysburg essay.
A thesis by William J. Wolf suggested that the address had a central image of baptism, although LaFantasie believes that Wolf's position was likely an overstatement.
Each of the five known manuscript copies of the Gettysburg Address is named for the person who received it from Lincoln. Lincoln gave copies to his private secretaries, gettysburg essay, John Nicolay and John Hay.
Nicolay and Hay were appointed custodians of Lincoln's papers by Lincoln's son Robert Todd Lincoln in Robert Lincoln began a search for the original copy inwhich resulted in the discovery of a handwritten copy of the Gettysburg Address among the bound papers of John Hay—a copy now known as the "Hay copy" or "Hay draft".
The Hay draft differed from the version of the Gettysburg Address published by John Nicolay in in a number of significant ways: it was written on a different type of paper, had a different number of words per gettysburg essay and number of lines, and contained editorial revisions in Lincoln's hand.
Both the Hay and Nicolay copies of the Address are within the Library of Congress, encased in specially designed, temperature-controlled, sealed containers with argon gas in order to protect the documents from oxidation and continued deterioration, gettysburg essay. The Nicolay copy [a] is often called the "first draft" because it is believed to be the earliest copy that exists. In an article that included a facsimile of this copy, Nicolay, who had become the custodian of Lincoln's papers, wrote that Lincoln had brought to Gettysburg the first part of the speech written in ink on Executive Mansion stationery, gettysburg essay, and that he had written the second page in pencil on lined paper before the dedication on November This copy of the Gettysburg Address apparently remained in John Nicolay's possession until his death inwhen it passed to his friend and colleague John Hay.
The existence of the Hay copy [b] was first announced to the public inafter the search for the "original manuscript" of the Address among the papers of John Hay brought it to light.
This version has been described as "the most inexplicable" of the drafts and is sometimes referred to as the "second draft". Those who believe that it was completed on the morning of his address point to the fact that it contains certain phrases that are not in the first draft but are in the reports of the address as delivered and in subsequent copies made by Lincoln.
It is probable, they conclude, that, gettysburg essay, as stated in the explanatory note accompanying the original copies of the first and second drafts in the Library of CongressLincoln held this second draft when he delivered the address, gettysburg essay.
The Everett copy, [c] also known as the "Everett-Keyes copy", was sent by President Lincoln to Edward Everett in earlyat Everett's request. The draft Lincoln sent became the third autograph copy, and is now in the possession of the Illinois State Historical Library in Springfield, Illinoisgettysburg essay, [48] where gettysburg essay is displayed in the Treasures Gallery of the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum.
The Bancroft copy [d] of the Gettysburg Address was written out by President Lincoln in February at the request of George Bancroftthe famed historian and former Secretary of the Navywhose comprehensive ten-volume History of the United States later led him to be known as the "father of American History".
As this fourth copy was written on both sides of the paper, gettysburg essay, it proved unusable for this purpose, and Bancroft gettysburg essay allowed gettysburg essay keep it. This manuscript is the only one accompanied both by a letter from Lincoln transmitting the manuscript and by the original envelope addressed and franked by Lincoln.
It is now held by the Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections in the Carl A. Kroch Library at Cornell. Discovering that his fourth written copy could not be used, Lincoln then wrote a fifth draft, which was accepted for the purpose requested, gettysburg essay. The Bliss copy, [e] named for Colonel Alexander BlissBancroft's stepson and publisher of Autograph Leavesis the only draft to which Lincoln affixed his signature. Lincoln is not known to have made any further copies of the Gettysburg Address.
Because of the apparent care in its preparation, and in part, because Lincoln provided a title and signed and dated this copy, it has become the standard version of the address and the source for most facsimile reproductions of Lincoln's Gettysburg Address.
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Argumenitive thesis essays. Persuasive essay introduction tips interview narrative essay easy resume cover letter prompts essay Gettysburg address writing college papers money illegal gmat essay topics awa, example of persuasive essay about love esl problem solving writer sites for masters cornell university thesis binding how to write a great campaign speech: thesis statements for our town Essay on justin bieber essay Essay information about address? needed gettysburg -, long essay on female education vad betyder essayist. Corona and me essay in english, challenges faced by college students essay. Teacher student relationship essay in english? Money is the key to happiness essay, problem solution essay parts The Gettysburg Address exhibition is drawn from the Library’s collections of hand-written versions of the Gettysburg Address, and the presentation that follows gathers the key documents linked to Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address
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